Jeanne d'Arc

Jeanne d'Arc, known in English as Joan of Arc (c. January 6, 1412 – May 30, 1431), was a French military leader and folk heroine who played a pivotal role during the Hundred Years' War between France and England. Born a peasant girl in Domrémy, northeastern France, Jeanne claimed to receive divine messages from Archangel Michael, Saint Catherine, and Saint Michael instructing her to support the dauphin Charles and help liberate France from English occupation. Despite her humble origins and lack of military training, her conviction and charisma inspired French troops, leading to several significant military victories, most notably the relief of Orléans in 1429. She became instrumental in persuading the dauphin to proceed to his coronation at Reims, strengthening French morale and legitimacy. However, in 1430, she was captured by Burgundian forces and sold to the English, who tried her for heresy and witchcraft. After a politically motivated trial, she was convicted and burned at the stake at age 19. Her death paradoxically strengthened French resolve, and within decades, her reputation transformed her into a national martyr and symbol of French determination. In 1920, she was canonized as a saint. Her legacy as a courageous young woman who challenged conventions and inspired a nation endures; she remains one of history's most iconic figures and continues to influence literature, art, and popular culture.